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Diesel engine, any internal-combustion engine in which air is compressed to a sufficiently high temperature; to ignite diesel fuel injected into the cylinder; where combustion and expansion actuate a piston. It converts the chemical energy stored in the fuel into mechanical energy.
The diesel engine is an intermittent-combustion piston-cylinder device. It operates on either a two-stroke or four-stroke cycle (see figure); however, unlike the spark-ignition gasoline engine, the diesel engine induces only air into the combustion chamber on its intake stroke. Engines with bores of greater than 600 mm are almost exclusively two-stroke cycle systems.
The combustion process in a diesel engine is heterogeneous. Consequently, rapid vaporization and mixing of fuel in air is very important to thorough burning of the injected fuel. This places much emphasis on injector nozzle design, especially in direct-injection engines.
The power stroke includes both the constant-pressure process during combustion; and the expansion of the hot products of combustion after fuel injection ceases.
Addition of a turbocharger and aftercooler can enhance the performance; of a diesel engine in terms of both power and efficiency.
Higher theoretical cycle efficiencies, when compared with the latter, can often be realized. The theoretical efficiency of the spark-ignition engine is greater than that of the compression-ignition engine; however, in practice it is possible to operate compression-ignition engines; at compression ratios high enough to produce efficiencies greater than those attainable with spark-ignition systems. Furthermore, diesel engines do not rely on throttling the intake mixture to control power.
The principal drawback of diesel engines is their emission of air pollutants. These engines typically discharge high levels of particulate matter (soot); reactive nitrogen compounds (commonly designated NOx); and odour compared with spark-ignition engines. Consequently, in the small-engine category, consumer acceptance is low.
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